Islamic Golden Age - INFOS

The Battle of the Trench (also known as the Battle of Khandaq) took place in the year 627 CE, during the time of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and the early Muslim community in Medina. The battle was fought between the Muslims and a coalition of tribes from Mecca and surrounding regions, who were seeking to attack and destroy the Muslim community. The Meccan forces were led by Abu Sufyan, a prominent leader of the Quraysh tribe, and included fighters from several other tribes, including the Banu Nadir and the Ghatafan. The Muslims, who were vastly outnumbered, were led by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and his closest companions, including Ali, Abu Bakr, Umar, and others. The Muslims devised a strategy to defend Medina by digging a trench around the city, which made it difficult for the Meccan forces to launch a direct attack. The battle lasted for several days, during which time the Meccan forces attempted to breach the trench and enter the city. However, the Musl...

Ibn Battuta (1304 –1368 or 1369) was a famous Moroccan scholar and explorer who is best known for his extensive travels and his work documenting his journeys. He is often considered one of the greatest travellers of all time. Ibn Battuta traveled extensively throughout the Islamic world, which at the time spanned from Morocco to China, and documented his experiences in a book called the "Rihla" (meaning "Journey" in Arabic). The book provides valuable insights into the societies, cultures, and religions he encountered during his travels. Ibn Battuta's journeys lasted for over 30 years, during which he visited most of the Islamic world, including parts of Africa, Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. He traveled to cities such as Mecca, Cairo, Constantinople, Delhi, and Beijing, and met with important leaders and scholars along the way. His travels also took him to regions that were largely unexplored by outsiders at the time. Today, Ibn Battuta is remembered for hi...

The Ridda Wars were a series of conflicts that took place in the Arabian Peninsula after the death of the Prophet Muhammad, between various Arab tribes and the newly formed Islamic state. These wars were fought over the issue of loyalty to the Islamic state and its authority. The Ridda Wars, also known as the Wars of Apostasy, took place in the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century, immediately following the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. These wars were fought by various Arab tribes against the newly formed Islamic state, led by Abu Bakr, the first caliph (leader) of Islam after the death of Muhammad. The cause of the Ridda Wars was the refusal of some Arab tribes to continue to pay the religious tax (zakat) and to acknowledge the authority of the Islamic state. The wars lasted for about a year and a half and resulted in the defeat of the rebel tribes by the Islamic forces.  Abu Bakr, the first caliph of Islam, played a crucial role in the Ridda Wars by leading the Islamic ...

  The strongest caliph Ali was the fourth Rashidun caliph from 656 until his assassination in 661. He is considered to be one of the valiant Muslim warriors. He took part in almost all the battles fought by the nascent Muslim community. His contributions in the Battle of Khyber and the Battle of Badr are very well known. The Battle of Badr was the first large-scale confrontation between Muslims and the Quraysh. In picture: Arabic calligraphy which means "There is no brave youth except Ali and there is no sword which renders service except Zulfiqar"

  Mathematics During the islamic golden age, 9th and 10th centuries mathematics mostly done in Arabics had influenced many mathematicians of Europe in the later centuries. Studies of algebra, geometry and trigonometry had seen some major developments. Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi was the founder of Algebra. In the book "The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing" Al-Khwarizmi explains how to solve the positive roots of linear and quadratic polynomial equations. Al-Khwarizmi's algebra was rhetorical which were helpful for others scholars as well. Interesting fact:  Al-Khwarizmi was appointed as the head of House of Wisdom. MacTutor History of Mathematics archive says "Perhaps one of the most significant advances made by Arabic mathematics began at this time with the work of al-Khwarizmi, namely the beginnings of algebra" Al-Khwārizmī's Zīj al-Sindhind also contained tables for the trigonometric functions of sines and cosine. A related t...

Modern spherical trigonometry Al-Jayyani was an Islamic 𝘮𝘢𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘮𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘤𝘪𝘢𝘯. He wrote many important commentaries on Euclid's Elements and was the first to make spherical trigonometry. fyi spherical trigonometry is the metrical relationships between the sides and angles of spherical triangles. The Spanish scholar was an expert in the Qur'an, also being knowledgeable in Arabic philology, inheritance laws and arithmetic. Al-Jayyani's work on ratio is the most interesting mathematical work. Line, surface, angle, and solid were the four magnitudes used in geometry. He was the first to consider "number" as geometrical magnitude. We are going to learn about Al-Jayyani’s "The book of Unknown Arcs of a Sphere", considered the first treatise on spherical trigonometry. In his book he describes formula for right-handed triangles, the general law of sines, and the solution of a spherical triangle by means of the polar triangle. He had sketched some figures to...

  Abbas Ibn Firnaswas an important figure in Islamic history, particularly in the fields of science, engineering, and aviation. Here are some important details about him: Abbas Ibn Firnas (810-887) Abbas Ibn Firnas was a polymath who made significant contributions to various fields, including astronomy, mathematics, music, and poetry. He is most famous for his pioneering work in aviation, specifically for his attempts to fly using a glider-like device. In 875, he reportedly made a successful flight from a hill in Cordoba, Spain, and landed safely with the help of a tail of feathers. Abbas Ibn Firnas was also a skilled inventor and engineer. He designed and built several machines and devices, including a water clock, a planetarium, and a device for grinding lenses. He was a prolific writer and wrote extensively on topics such as astronomy, mechanics, and optics. Some of his works have survived and are still studied today. Abbas Ibn Firnas was a prominent figure in the court of the U...